ارتفاع درجات الحرارة يهدد زيت الزيتون الثمين في اليونان
قبل أشهر من بدء موسم الحصاد في تشرين الثاني (نوفمبر) ، أدرك مزارع زيت الزيتون اليوناني ميكاليس أنتونوبولوس أنه لن يكون عامًا جيدًا.
أولاً ، لم تزدهر أشجاره بالكامل لأن الشتاء الماضي لم يكن باردًا ورطبًا بدرجة كافية.
في الربيع ، ارتفعت درجات الحرارة إلى 38 درجة مئوية (100 فهرنهايت) ، مما أدى إلى إتلاف الأزهار التي كانت ستنمو إلى زيتون.
ثم جاء الصيف بأسوأ موجة حرارة منذ عقود ، فجفف الزيتون وأضرم حرائق الغابات التي أشعلت النيران في مئات الآلاف من الأشجار.
يقف أنطونوبولوس في بستانه في كالاماتا ، أشهر منطقة منتجة للزيتون في اليونان ، بين الأشجار التي يبلغ عمرها مئات السنين ، وأشار إلى النتائج: نصف أغصان فارغة ، بها ثمار زيتون صغيرة أو ذابلة ، أو متعفنة ، هاجمتها ذبابة الفاكهة.
قال أنتونوبولوس ، الذي يرأس تعاونية مزارعي الزيتون المحليين ، “إننا نشهد ظواهر ومشكلات لم نشهدها قبل 20 عامًا” ، مقدّرًا انخفاضًا بنسبة 50٪ في الإنتاج الإقليمي.
شهدت أوروبا للتو أسخن صيف على الإطلاق ، ويقول العلماء إن الطقس المتقلب الذي أضر بأشجار الزيتون هو ما يمكن توقعه من تغير المناخ.
اليونان هي ثالث أكبر منتج لزيت الزيتون في العالم ، والصنف اليوناني مرغوب فيه بشكل خاص لجودته العالية المعروفة باسم “البكر الممتاز”.
توجد زجاجات زيت كالاماتا في مطاعم بعيدة مثل اليابان لكن المزارعين قلقون من أنه إذا استمرت الغلة في الانخفاض ، فلن يتمكنوا من تلبية الطلب على ما يسمونه “الذهب الأخضر” ، مما يعرض الاقتصاد المحلي للخطر.
قال أنتونوبولوس: “لقد أظهر لنا هذا العام أن الشجرة لا يمكنها التكيف في ظل الظروف الجوية الصعبة”. “هذا مثال كلاسيكي على التغيير البيئي الذي نمر به.”
أنتجت اليونان 275000 طن من زيت الزيتون في 2020-2021 وسافر أكثر من نصفهم إلى الخارج ، مما يجعلها رابع أكبر مصدر في الاتحاد الأوروبي. توقعت اللجنة التنفيذية للاتحاد الأوروبي أن الإنتاج سينخفض إلى 230 ألف طن في 2021-22.
يأتي معظم زيت الزيتون في العالم من منطقة البحر الأبيض المتوسط وفي توقعاتها الزراعية للعقد القادم ، توقعت المفوضية أن الإنتاج في الاتحاد الأوروبي سوف ينمو ، لكن تغير المناخ قد يؤثر على المحاصيل السنوية وجودة الزيت. بالنسبة لليونان ، تتوقع انخفاضًا محدودًا في الإنتاج.
قال ستافروس فيموس ، خبير الزيتون وأستاذ علم زراعة الفاكهة ، إن درجات الحرارة المرتفعة ونقص المياه تسبب بالفعل في مشاكل في بساتين الزيتون اليونانية.
قال “ظاهرة التغير المناخي تتجاوز حدود زراعة الزيتون”.
وقال إنه على المدى الطويل ، قد لا تتمكن بعض المناطق في جنوب اليونان من زراعة الزيتون ، بينما قد تستفيد مناطق في البلقان أو شمال أوروبا من ارتفاع درجات الحرارة.
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